Response to treatment in cancer cells: The abundance of the EGFR (top row) and HER2 (bottom row) receptors is reduced when the cells are exposed to triple therapy – Tagrisso®, Erbitux®, and Herceptin® (right column) and to the two antibodies, Erbitux® and Herceptin® (second from right column), but not when they are exposed to Tagrisso® alone (second column from left) or to no therapy at all (left column)
New-generation lung cancer drugs have been effective in a large number of patients, but within about a year, most tend to develop resistance to the therapy. Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science, in collaboration with physicians, have conducted a study in mice in which they used existing drugs in a new combination to help crush potential treatment resistance. Their findings were published recently in the journal Clinical Cancer Research.
Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from malignancy, accounting for about one-fifth of cancer deaths worldwide, according to World Health Organization estimates. Today’s drugs treat certain subtypes of this cancer by targeting the genetic mutations characteristic of each subtype.
In about 12%, on average, of lung cancer patients – most of them non-smokers – the malignancy is due to a mutation in a gene called EGFR. This gene encodes a receptor that is embedded in the cell membrane, protruding in both directions: its “head,” the outer portion on the cell surface, binds with a growth factor that transmits a growth signal to the cell; the “legs,” the inner portion inside the cell, works as an enzyme that further conveys the signal to the cellular nucleus. EGFR’s growth message prompts the cell to divide. Normally this is for good – for example, helping tissues to heal – but a mutation on the inner part of the receptor can cause the cell to divide uncontrollably, leading to cancer.
Patients with the EGFR mutation can be helped by small molecules known as kinase inhibitors, which block the mutation, thus preventing EGFR from generating a signal for uncontrolled division. These drugs work much better than chemotherapy: they are more effective and cause fewer side effects, and they can be taken as a pill rather than by injection. The problem is that within 10 to 14 months, many of the patients develop a secondary mutation in the EGFR. This enables EGFR to get around the kinase inhibitor –and causes their tumors to relapse.
In 2015, a new kinase inhibitor, Tagrisso®, was approved for clinical use when the lung tumor starts growing again. Tagrisso® blocks this second mutation, but usually not for long: within 10 to 14 months a third mutation or other alterations emerge in the EGFR gene, causing another relapse.
“This of course is a nightmare for the patients, their families, and the doctors,” says Prof. Yosef Yarden of the Department of Biological Regulation. Fortunately, he says, “We’ve now developed a new approach that works in mice and may help relieve this frustrating situation if our method proves to work in humans.”
In collaboration with physicians from the Chaim Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer, Israel, Prof. Yarden’s team tried out a combination therapy. Mice implanted with human lung-cancer cells were given Tagrisso® and a drug that blocks the EGFR on the cell surface. This drug was Erbitux®, an antibody that binds to the protruding “head” of the EGFR, preventing the cell from receiving the growth message. The Tagrisso® the mice were given works inside the cell, preventing the inner “legs” of EGFR, the growth-promoting kinase, from relaying the growth signal.
This original attempt at a combination therapy had proved unsuccessful, probably because when EGFR is blocked on the cell surface, it calls upon a close “relative,” a receptor called HER2, to pop up on the cell membrane. So in the new study, the researchers gave mice a triple combination therapy that, apart from Tagrisso®, included two antibodies instead of one: Erbitux® and a drug called Herceptin®, which blocks HER2.
This time the approach worked. Tumors shrunk substantially and did not regrow as long as the mice received the triple combination treatment. The use of this approach in human patients should be facilitated by the fact that both antibodies are drugs already approved for use against other cancers: Erbitux® is used in colorectal cancer, Herceptin® in breast cancer.
“If confirmed in humans, the new combination therapy may help extend the lives of many thousands of lung cancer patients who currently develop resistance to kinase inhibitors,” Prof. Yarden says.
The research team included Dr. Donatella Romaniello, Luigi Mazzeo, Dr. Maicol Mancini, Dr. Ilaria Marrocco, Ashish Noronha, Matthew Kreitman, Dr. Swati Srivastava, Dr. Soma Ghosh, and Dr. Moshit Lindzen from the Department of Biological Regulation and Dr. Tomer Meir Salame of the Life Sciences Core Facilities Department. The Weizmann scientists collaborated with Drs. Amir Onn and Jair Bar, physicians at Sheba Medical Center.
Prof. Yosef Yarden’s research is supported by the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation; the Dwek Institute for Cancer Therapy Research, which he heads; the Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology, which he heads; the Rising Tide Foundation; the Marvin Tanner Laboratory for Research on Cancer; the Comisaroff Family Trust; and the European Research Council. Prof. Yarden is the incumbent of the Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professorial Chair in Molecular Cell Biology.
