REHOVOT, ISRAEL—December 19, 2023 — For decades, it has been known that people with diabetes are at a substantially increased risk of developing severe lung disease if they become infected with viruses such as influenza, as well as with bacteria or fungi. When the COVID-19 pandemic started in early 2020, this mysterious phenomenon took on even greater importance: It became clear that people with diabetes were at significantly higher risk of severe – or even fatal – lung disease after becoming seriously ill from the virus. In fact, 35% of people with COVID-19 who died during the pandemic had diabetes, but no one understood why.
Now, research conducted at the Weizmann Institute of Science and published in Nature has revealed how, in diabetics, high levels of blood sugar disrupt the function of key cell subsets in the lungs that regulate the immune response. It also identifies a potential strategy for reversing this susceptibility and saving lives.
Prof. Eran Elinav’s team at Weizmann, headed by Drs. Samuel Nobs, Aleksandra Kolodziejczyk and Suhaib K. Abdeen, subjected multiple mouse models of types 1 and 2 diabetes to a variety of viral lung infections. Just as in diabetic humans, the diabetic mice in both models developed severe, fatal lung infections following exposure to lung pathogens such as influenza. The immune reaction in nondiabetics eliminates the infection and drives tissue healing, but that reaction was severely impaired in the diabetic mice, leading to uncontrolled infection, lung damage, and eventual death.
Next, to decode the basis of this heightened risk, the team performed an evaluation of gene expression on the individual cell level in more than 150,000 single lung cells of infected diabetic and nondiabetic mice. The researchers also performed an extensive array of experiments involving immune and metabolic mechanisms, as well as an in-depth assessment of immune cell gene expression in infected diabetic mice.
In the diabetic mice, they identified dysfunction of certain lung dendritic cells, which are the immune cells that orchestrate a targeted immune response against pathogenic infection. “High blood sugar levels severely disrupt certain subsets of dendritic cells in the lung, preventing these gatekeepers from sending the molecular messages that activate the critically important immune response,” says Nobs, a postdoctoral fellow who was the study’s first author. “As a result, the infection rages on, uncontrolled.”
Importantly, the scientists also discovered how high sugar levels in diabetic mice disrupt the normal function of lung dendritic cells during infection. Altered sugar metabolism in these cells led to the accumulation of metabolic byproducts that markedly disrupted the normal regulation of gene expression, leading to aberrant immune protein production.
“This could explain why the functioning of these cells is disturbed in diabetes and why the immune system is unable to generate an effective anti-infection defense,” says Kolodziejczyk, a postdoctoral fellow who co-led the study as a first coauthor.
The scientists next explored ways to prevent the harmful effects of high sugar levels in lung dendritic cells as a means of lowering the infection risk in diabetic animals. They found that using insulin supplementation to tightly control blood sugar levels prompted the dendritic cells to regain their capacity to generate a protective immune response, which could prevent the cascade of events leading to a severe, life-threatening viral lung infection. They also found that administrating small molecules to reverse the sugar-induced regulatory impairment corrected the dendritic cells’ dysfunction and enabled them to generate a protective immune response despite the presence of high sugar levels.
“Correcting blood sugar levels or using drugs to reverse the gene regulatory impairment induced by high sugar, enabled our team to get the dendritic cells’ function back to normal,” says Abdeen, a senior intern who co-supervised the study. “This was very exciting because it means that it might be possible to block diabetes-induced susceptibility to viral lung infections and their devastating consequences.”
With over 500 million people around the world affected by diabetes, which is only expected to rise over the next decades, the new research has significant and promising clinical implications.
“Our findings provide, for the first time, an explanation as to why diabetics are more susceptible to respiratory infection. Controlling sugar levels may make it possible to reduce this pronounced diabetes-associated risk. In diabetic patients whose sugar levels are not easily normalized, small molecule drugs may correct the gene alterations caused by high sugar levels, potentially alleviating or even preventing severe lung infection. Local administration of such treatments by inhalation may minimize adverse effects while enhancing effectiveness, and merits future human clinical testing.” –Prof. Eran Elinav
Study participants included Dr. Nir Horesh, Dr. Gayatree Mohapatra, Dr. RyanJames Hodgetts, Dr. Igor Spivak, Dr. Leviel Fluhr, Dr. Denise Kviatcovsky, Dr. Mally Dori-Bachash, Dr. Yiming He, Dr. Hagit Shapiro, Christine Botscharnikow, Ella Herzog, Sophia Hejndorf and Sara Ferrini of Weizmann’s Systems Immunology Department; Prof. Ayelet Erez and Lital Adler of Weizmann’s Molecular Cell Biology Department; Prof. Alon Harmelin and Dr. Noa Stettner of Weizmann’s Veterinary Resources Department; Drs. Alexander Brandis and Tevie Mehlman of Weizmann’s Life Sciences Core Facilities Department; Dr. Jens Puschhof and Lena Schorr of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Dr. Arieh Moussaieff and Anish Zacharia of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Prof. Manfred Kopf of the ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
Prof. Eran Elinav is head of the Belle S. and Irving E. Meller Center for the Biology of Aging. His research is supported by the Swiss Society Institute for Cancer Prevention Research; the Sagol Institute for Longevity Research; the Sagol Weizmann-MIT Bridge Program; the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; the Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Foundation; and Miel de Botton.
Prof. Elinav is the incumbent of the Sir Marc and Lady Tania Feldmann Professorial Chair of Immunology. The Vera Rosenberg Schwartz Research Fellow Chair supports a staff scientist in his lab.